Essay Writers To Write Your Papers On Any Topics 24

Essay Writers To Write Your Papers On Any Topics 24 A dissertation is one of the most essential challenges in your pupil life. With a lot of your educational success at stake, you don’t want to rely on likelihood. Hire our USA greatest writing providers and your dissertation will impress even the toughest critics. After receiving your order, we immediately assign it to considered one of our writers. Whether you've a missing a part of your dissertation or the whole paper to write, we're ready to supply our assistance. This is why we make them write a pattern writing to know whether they're actually skilled or not. I needed the essay ASAP, but I did not count on to obtain it in 3 hours. We assure that you simply get a quality assignment because it's our curiosity. The providers of our firm are becoming increasingly wanted as a result of college students wouldn't have a lot time to complete many tasks on their own. Only highly qualified professionals do the job in order that it has excessive scores and good grades. Attentiveness is one other fascinating characteristic for the writer. This high quality assists the creator to note all the attention-grabbing moments and small details that can take their place of their works. Be conscious, that a decently written dissertation can't be based solely on data from Wikipedia or some other internet useful resource. Our essay writers have an entry to such sources of data that an ordinary scholar could not have together with specialised literature. Many poorly crafted essays have been produced on account of a scarcity of preparation and confidence. However, college students can avoid the discomfort typically associated with essay writing by understanding some frequent genres. We management every writer and examine the finished job for errors and plagiarism on devoted service. Many subjects, subjects, brief time, and more become an excellent barrier to the profitable completion of even the best task. Contacting professionals is probably the most successful answer. Not glad with the quality of the service and free revision just isn't an option? In the uncommon event of a substandard high quality of writing, we’ll make a refund or provide you with a substantial low cost. If you need to cancel the order earlier than it’s completed by the writer, simply contact our Customer Care representative to receive your full refund. Apply to us each time you possibly can't deal with the literature evaluate, summary, methodology or another dissertation part on your own. Additionally, we propose making the research of the necessary info for you. Skilled writers not need a lesson in grammar and spelling to be able to produce an error-free output. We ensure that our writers are all skilled in writing. Talent is not the highlight of an expert paper writer. Several other important qualities affect the creator’s professionalism. There is a time when a scholar feels absolutely prepared for essay writing. However, after they take the pen, they can't give you even a single sentence. They are not capable of collect ideas, give you a problem or theme to work on. Don’t fear, tutors won’t discover out about something. Turn in a one hundred% original paper by one of our writers, and any trainer or instructor will recognize you as the author behind the essay or case research, or another paper. Our writers are paramount experts in their subject fields arms down. A professional performer doesn't think lengthy about work. They suppose logically clearly and focuses their consideration immediately, which hastens their time. Every creator has to possess a number of qualities to turn out to be knowledgeable. The firm works with established authors in various academic disciplines, with a confirmed degree in a subject and impeccable written English. Some services ask for very hefty fees because they declare their outputs are of top quality. But whenever you actually get the output, it seems to be poor high quality. Our service now not needs to cost hefty charges to our shoppers just to show we can produce quality outputs.

Essay Writers To Write Your Papers On Any Topics 24

Essay Writers To Write Your Papers On Any Topics 24 A dissertation is one of the most essential challenges in your pupil life. With a lot of your educational success at stake, you don’t want to rely on likelihood. Hire our USA greatest writing providers and your dissertation will impress even the toughest critics. After receiving your order, we immediately assign it to considered one of our writers. Whether you've a missing a part of your dissertation or the whole paper to write, we're ready to supply our assistance. This is why we make them write a pattern writing to know whether they're actually skilled or not. I needed the essay ASAP, but I did not count on to obtain it in 3 hours. We assure that you simply get a quality assignment because it's our curiosity. The providers of our firm are becoming increasingly wanted as a result of college students wouldn't have a lot time to complete many tasks on their own. Only highly qualified professionals do the job in order that it has excessive scores and good grades. Attentiveness is one other fascinating characteristic for the writer. This high quality assists the creator to note all the attention-grabbing moments and small details that can take their place of their works. Be conscious, that a decently written dissertation can't be based solely on data from Wikipedia or some other internet useful resource. Our essay writers have an entry to such sources of data that an ordinary scholar could not have together with specialised literature. Many poorly crafted essays have been produced on account of a scarcity of preparation and confidence. However, college students can avoid the discomfort typically associated with essay writing by understanding some frequent genres. We management every writer and examine the finished job for errors and plagiarism on devoted service. Many subjects, subjects, brief time, and more become an excellent barrier to the profitable completion of even the best task. Contacting professionals is probably the most successful answer. Not glad with the quality of the service and free revision just isn't an option? In the uncommon event of a substandard high quality of writing, we’ll make a refund or provide you with a substantial low cost. If you need to cancel the order earlier than it’s completed by the writer, simply contact our Customer Care representative to receive your full refund. Apply to us each time you possibly can't deal with the literature evaluate, summary, methodology or another dissertation part on your own. Additionally, we propose making the research of the necessary info for you. Skilled writers not need a lesson in grammar and spelling to be able to produce an error-free output. We ensure that our writers are all skilled in writing. Talent is not the highlight of an expert paper writer. Several other important qualities affect the creator’s professionalism. There is a time when a scholar feels absolutely prepared for essay writing. However, after they take the pen, they can't give you even a single sentence. They are not capable of collect ideas, give you a problem or theme to work on. Don’t fear, tutors won’t discover out about something. Turn in a one hundred% original paper by one of our writers, and any trainer or instructor will recognize you as the author behind the essay or case research, or another paper. Our writers are paramount experts in their subject fields arms down. A professional performer doesn't think lengthy about work. They suppose logically clearly and focuses their consideration immediately, which hastens their time. Every creator has to possess a number of qualities to turn out to be knowledgeable. The firm works with established authors in various academic disciplines, with a confirmed degree in a subject and impeccable written English. Some services ask for very hefty fees because they declare their outputs are of top quality. But whenever you actually get the output, it seems to be poor high quality. Our service now not needs to cost hefty charges to our shoppers just to show we can produce quality outputs.

27 Best Freelance Essay Writers For Hire In September 2020

27 Best Freelance Essay Writers For Hire In September 2020 If a sure stage of precision is expected in data research and compilation, the prospects should be met at any cost. This will make the paper more profitable and believable. Having a transparent aim in mind for the dissertation will assist kind the potential beliefs and the individual can then concentrate on sure methodologies quite than straying from the path. A thesis could be at an undergraduate, graduate, or post-graduate degree. Though the phrases differ, their meaning doesn’t change considerably. There’s a sure format to put in writing references that varies throughout fields and should be rigorously studied. This prevents confusion and plagiarism points, giving due credit to the writer. Text division and orientation â€" Even although this will likely seem trivial, the approval panel does pay special attention to the subdivision of words throughout the paper. Headings must be given preserving in thoughts the out there space on the page as additionally hyphenated phrases shouldn’t be separated across pages. The focus should be stored narrow which covers important points. If not carried out so, the essay will make the reader sound like a resume. This would then highlight solely those particulars that cover what you have achieved and not the precise minute details about you. The thought here have to be that the reader is ready to comply with the principle thought from the start till the top and this may be achieved by specializing in the one side that you want the reader to notice. It can be great idea to hunt steering at this level as it's going to offer you higher insights for enchancment. As it’s quite a transparent cut distinction, researchers used one of many three and attain upon conclusive findings to support their theory which is included in the last part. The introduction â€" After the desk of content, the introductory part is included. This narrows down the author’s perspective and pinpoints the path of the paper. The objective of the dissertation is included here in addition to any remarks that will be supported in the following sections are briefly talked about. The value of the research’s mentioned here to help the longer term researchers know its reference significance and foundational worth in their research. Even so, a summary of pages have to be prepared in English and particular permissions should be taken to publish the examine. At the university stage, one should know about the expectations from their paper. Stereotypes could be formulated to suit a certain situation via a analysis paper because it studies patterns or tendencies restricted to a selected component. This is by far essentially the most nicely-recognized purpose of a thesis and presently, many studies are being conducted that fulfill this criterion, throughout the globe. Students are also graded based on the thesis they handle to draft because it checks their research skills that are necessary in normal functioning as properly. Though not very apparent, we use our research capabilities every day to reach at easy conclusions, and hence, grading of a dissertation paper is called for. Referencing system â€" Whatever knowledge that isn't unique or any inspiration that is drawn from earlier analysis must be jotted down. In addition to that, you also need to clarify what lessons you discovered from that specific state of affairs and it serves to emphasise the way it modified you and explain totally different traits of your personality. In addition, it additionally explains, how a lot worth you put on yourself, and your functionality in overcoming any problem in life. It additionally helps them to understand how hard you would work if you are admitted to the institution. Firstly, some colleges allow with exceeding with two to five phrases however it's not advisable to take action, because sometimes it's not possible to do so. Here the focus is to spotlight your personal experiences. It ought to have an altogether totally different aspect, one thing that has not been touched whereas filling the appliance. To keep away from such a problem, you need to be very particular. It might be a specific story that has larger significance in your life. The subsequent step can be to clarify why the shared incident, event, or situation modified you and or changed your character in some unspecified time in the future in time. A well-researched subject has to be presented and a straight-ahead conclusion should be reached. Mostly, a repeatedly asked query is targeted upon and a possible concept is decided and researched upon. The Methodology â€" What kind of research methodologies will the researcher be utilizing are included in this section. There is a wide selection of methods for selecting one of the best methodology which is primarily of three differing kinds. Qualitative, quantitative, and blended methods of analysis are used for all types of studies and so they have helped the drafting process of every matter. Another facet being that if there is copy paste you then may not be selected. Sometimes it also happens that if there may be surprisingly increase within the number of phrases, the reader would cease reading from that time onwards. The great idea right here would be to share the private experiences of your life. One must cover different features of life creatively by highlighting the points that were not covered within the utility and you want the reader to take a observe of. Language usage â€" All the dissertations must be drafted in English because it’s a universal language. Some exceptions are made, based mostly on the topic and cultural neutrality. To conclude, such prompts varies from schools and universities. The concept that they need is to understand how genuine and sincere you might be and your curiosity and functionality so that you get the admission. It should not showcase your educational accomplishments. It would then become boring, and this would make the person disinterested as it would turn out to be extra like reading a resume.

Essayedge

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Essay Writers

Essay Writers If you are already using an academic assistant then you understand many reasons for being caught by your professor together with suspiciously qualitative essay. A student who has constant C or D in a topic and brings shiny essay that's written by a professional essay writer will be immediately came upon. Let’s follow up the research on the essential causes for ordering the essays online and prime 5 suggestions for not being caught. This might be the commonest question requested by students who already appreciated all the privileges of utilizing on-line essay writing help providers. This is especially as a result of, that every project is different in terms of format, structure, particulars, and so on. Our on-line essay writers use multiple tools to ensure that the standard of the paper is prime-notch. They check for grammar, punctuation, syntax and formatting type correctness. Don't lose your likelihood for prime grades with the assistance of a professional essay writing service. No matter what topic you need an essay for, we have all of it lined. Thousands of scholars from everywhere in the world feel the same means about their learning. It will solely be people that you have advised personally that may know this. Sometimes assembly new people can deliver us far more experience and information than doing all the papers on time with A mark. In fact, there's plenty of HRs hanging out in the right places in search of appropriate applicants for vacant positions. If there are papers that don’t bring your interest and full consideration then cross them to online author who will do them without evidences of cheating. It is a lot better than fail to submit them and got F in a topic which affect your overall tutorial progress. In addition to that, to get the highest quality, the coed has to do a lot of issues into consideration, such as grammar, spelling, references, and concern related to plagiarism. Due to those issues, the student is confused about the definition of such issues similar to plagiarism, its guidelines and regulations, and its implementation by college authorities. However, the neatest of them choose to hunt our custom essay writing service each time they get overwhelmed with their education. We perceive the frustration of scholars; that’s why we are at all times there to help you out. Quench the thirst for data and impress lecturers with essays which are beyond perfect. The writers we rent are all about construction and formatting, so you don’t have to fret about it. During the course, the teacher may assign various forms of homework. We have a full roster of skilled paper writers ready to satisfy your needs. Whether you want an argumentative essay, or even a math check to be taken, we now have a paper writer ready 24/7 to take your project as quickly as it arrives in our system. Along with essays, our consultants can prepare a presentation, speech, case research, analysis paper, dissertation, and more. Our writers division can take care of any assignment of any complexity easily. All you need is to offer us detailed directions to help our consultants understand the duty. Let our service be your reliable helper and feel all the advantages at present. In our flip, we can help you repair these two main drawbacks for good. Do you suppose you’re the only one who needs assistance from an essay author throughout the research? At A-Writer.com, we receive day by day requests for essay author assist. Some of these students by no means thought they would want to purchase papers online. Due to years of onerous work and fixed improvement, we now have been placed on the list of the best essay writing companies that provide strong ensures. Using Edubirdie is totally safe for customers and writers. Your privacy and personal data security are taken very seriously. There are systems that are in place to protect this info, and no private particulars are launched along with your consent. No third events or firms will know that you've used the writing providers. They reached excessive ranges on the tutorial journey. We cover a wide range of subject areas, so you can depend on our greatest essay writing service that can assist you with assignments for all courses. Our group consists of professional essay writers who only produce original content. They observe strict standards to supply plagiarism-free papers. With EssayShark you are able to do all of the homework assignments in a single place. Manage your orders in a private account, chat with writers immediately utilizing a built-in chat, and get completely-written papers within a number of clicks.

Essay Writers

Essay Writers You get the prospect to be taught from skilled pros who're able to share their skills and data with you. Professional associations are an excellent resource for these actions and below is an inventory of organizations that help writers. Copywriting is a broad employment area and copywriters are employed in almost each industry, from healthcare to advertising. As versatile writers, copywriters create content that has an agenda, corresponding to promoting and public relations materials. They create copy for specific audiences in numerous formats, including white papers, social media posts, emails, blog posts, and fliers. They are content marketers with a eager understanding of how language can be utilized to convince readers, sell products, and tell a narrative. The Master of Fine Arts in writing permits writers to singularly give attention to developing their creative writing expertise. Bachelor’s diploma packages generally require four-years of full-time examine and expose students to basic education coursework and classwork in their chosen writing specialty. Our writers are highly expert at catching even the slightest error. Do you know why we are able to declare that the standard is going to be great? If you need a literature essay, we’ll delegate the order to a author with a Master’s or Doctoral degree in literature. The firm can set decrease prices if it could provide a regular workflow to its writers. If you need a business case examine, we’ll assign it to a writer with an MBA or a PhD diploma in enterprise. If you want an essay with a psychology matter, your writer will hold a degree in psychology. We hired skilled writers from all walks of life. But college students want skilled writing assist extra regularly. Nothing is worse than ordering something that you want by a certain time, solely to study that the essay has not been delivered. It is especially essential handy in work on time in college, which is why every essay writer makes certain to concentrate on timeliness as a high priority. Our paper writers are educated in writing in any formatting style you want, whether it's APA, MLS, Chicago, Turabian, Vancouver, or another. We will take your essay and make it move like Hemingway. That’s as a result of at this level of education, the requirements don't match your skills. The professors demand a large number of assignments and don’t train you to finish them efficiently. You’ve come here because you are likely under plenty of stress about your essay. That’s why we need to ensure all you must do is place your order and then be certain that your assigned essay author will send the essay to you before your deadline. I've frolicked as a writer in different positions, together with a stint as a journalist, however I'm prepared to begin my own consulting agency and supply editing and copywriting services to purchasers. I need to pursue a career as an internet content author, however do not have the time to commit to a four-12 months diploma. I'd like a professionally oriented program that enables me to concentrate my research in online media and advertising. Essay writing can take days and generally weeks if you're not completely acquainted with the topic. You can, nevertheless, save lots of your time and spend it with friends and family - you'll be able to even get sufficient time to continue doing your half-time job. Just come to Bestessays.com and let one of our skilled and skilled essay author do the magic for you. A Master’s diploma in Classical Civilization from USC and a passionate love of all durations of historical past makes a superb author for academic papers. That won’t happen if you hire the most effective essay writers online. Order essays, term papers, research papers, or one other assignment with out having to fret about its originality - we provide one hundred% original content material written fully from scratch. At this stage, the commonest majors embrace English literature, artistic writing and English with a writing emphasis . These writing degrees offer students multiple academic pathways that may lead to either work as a writer or into additional graduate studies. Below is an overview of the different writing majors at the bachelor’s level. He loves to spend holidays on archaeological digs. A math diploma from Baylor University led to a career as a CPA. Now in private practice, she finds time to work as a writer for student services, obviously specializing in monetary topics. Hiring an essay writer on-line is a great investment for you as a student. However, if you need quick information about something related to our service and your paper, you can get it by way of stay chat, e mail or phone. Don’t let writing firms trick you that you’re getting the best quality only when you’re able to pay a lot.

Essay Writers

Essay Writers You get the prospect to be taught from skilled pros who're able to share their skills and data with you. Professional associations are an excellent resource for these actions and below is an inventory of organizations that help writers. Copywriting is a broad employment area and copywriters are employed in almost each industry, from healthcare to advertising. As versatile writers, copywriters create content that has an agenda, corresponding to promoting and public relations materials. They create copy for specific audiences in numerous formats, including white papers, social media posts, emails, blog posts, and fliers. They are content marketers with a eager understanding of how language can be utilized to convince readers, sell products, and tell a narrative. The Master of Fine Arts in writing permits writers to singularly give attention to developing their creative writing expertise. Bachelor’s diploma packages generally require four-years of full-time examine and expose students to basic education coursework and classwork in their chosen writing specialty. Our writers are highly expert at catching even the slightest error. Do you know why we are able to declare that the standard is going to be great? If you need a literature essay, we’ll delegate the order to a author with a Master’s or Doctoral degree in literature. The firm can set decrease prices if it could provide a regular workflow to its writers. If you need a business case examine, we’ll assign it to a writer with an MBA or a PhD diploma in enterprise. If you want an essay with a psychology matter, your writer will hold a degree in psychology. We hired skilled writers from all walks of life. But college students want skilled writing assist extra regularly. Nothing is worse than ordering something that you want by a certain time, solely to study that the essay has not been delivered. It is especially essential handy in work on time in college, which is why every essay writer makes certain to concentrate on timeliness as a high priority. Our paper writers are educated in writing in any formatting style you want, whether it's APA, MLS, Chicago, Turabian, Vancouver, or another. We will take your essay and make it move like Hemingway. That’s as a result of at this level of education, the requirements don't match your skills. The professors demand a large number of assignments and don’t train you to finish them efficiently. You’ve come here because you are likely under plenty of stress about your essay. That’s why we need to ensure all you must do is place your order and then be certain that your assigned essay author will send the essay to you before your deadline. I've frolicked as a writer in different positions, together with a stint as a journalist, however I'm prepared to begin my own consulting agency and supply editing and copywriting services to purchasers. I need to pursue a career as an internet content author, however do not have the time to commit to a four-12 months diploma. I'd like a professionally oriented program that enables me to concentrate my research in online media and advertising. Essay writing can take days and generally weeks if you're not completely acquainted with the topic. You can, nevertheless, save lots of your time and spend it with friends and family - you'll be able to even get sufficient time to continue doing your half-time job. Just come to Bestessays.com and let one of our skilled and skilled essay author do the magic for you. A Master’s diploma in Classical Civilization from USC and a passionate love of all durations of historical past makes a superb author for academic papers. That won’t happen if you hire the most effective essay writers online. Order essays, term papers, research papers, or one other assignment with out having to fret about its originality - we provide one hundred% original content material written fully from scratch. At this stage, the commonest majors embrace English literature, artistic writing and English with a writing emphasis . These writing degrees offer students multiple academic pathways that may lead to either work as a writer or into additional graduate studies. Below is an overview of the different writing majors at the bachelor’s level. He loves to spend holidays on archaeological digs. A math diploma from Baylor University led to a career as a CPA. Now in private practice, she finds time to work as a writer for student services, obviously specializing in monetary topics. Hiring an essay writer on-line is a great investment for you as a student. However, if you need quick information about something related to our service and your paper, you can get it by way of stay chat, e mail or phone. Don’t let writing firms trick you that you’re getting the best quality only when you’re able to pay a lot.

Essay Writers

Essay Writers You get the prospect to be taught from skilled pros who're able to share their skills and data with you. Professional associations are an excellent resource for these actions and below is an inventory of organizations that help writers. Copywriting is a broad employment area and copywriters are employed in almost each industry, from healthcare to advertising. As versatile writers, copywriters create content that has an agenda, corresponding to promoting and public relations materials. They create copy for specific audiences in numerous formats, including white papers, social media posts, emails, blog posts, and fliers. They are content marketers with a eager understanding of how language can be utilized to convince readers, sell products, and tell a narrative. The Master of Fine Arts in writing permits writers to singularly give attention to developing their creative writing expertise. Bachelor’s diploma packages generally require four-years of full-time examine and expose students to basic education coursework and classwork in their chosen writing specialty. Our writers are highly expert at catching even the slightest error. Do you know why we are able to declare that the standard is going to be great? If you need a literature essay, we’ll delegate the order to a author with a Master’s or Doctoral degree in literature. The firm can set decrease prices if it could provide a regular workflow to its writers. If you need a business case examine, we’ll assign it to a writer with an MBA or a PhD diploma in enterprise. If you want an essay with a psychology matter, your writer will hold a degree in psychology. We hired skilled writers from all walks of life. But college students want skilled writing assist extra regularly. Nothing is worse than ordering something that you want by a certain time, solely to study that the essay has not been delivered. It is especially essential handy in work on time in college, which is why every essay writer makes certain to concentrate on timeliness as a high priority. Our paper writers are educated in writing in any formatting style you want, whether it's APA, MLS, Chicago, Turabian, Vancouver, or another. We will take your essay and make it move like Hemingway. That’s as a result of at this level of education, the requirements don't match your skills. The professors demand a large number of assignments and don’t train you to finish them efficiently. You’ve come here because you are likely under plenty of stress about your essay. That’s why we need to ensure all you must do is place your order and then be certain that your assigned essay author will send the essay to you before your deadline. I've frolicked as a writer in different positions, together with a stint as a journalist, however I'm prepared to begin my own consulting agency and supply editing and copywriting services to purchasers. I need to pursue a career as an internet content author, however do not have the time to commit to a four-12 months diploma. I'd like a professionally oriented program that enables me to concentrate my research in online media and advertising. Essay writing can take days and generally weeks if you're not completely acquainted with the topic. You can, nevertheless, save lots of your time and spend it with friends and family - you'll be able to even get sufficient time to continue doing your half-time job. Just come to Bestessays.com and let one of our skilled and skilled essay author do the magic for you. A Master’s diploma in Classical Civilization from USC and a passionate love of all durations of historical past makes a superb author for academic papers. That won’t happen if you hire the most effective essay writers online. Order essays, term papers, research papers, or one other assignment with out having to fret about its originality - we provide one hundred% original content material written fully from scratch. At this stage, the commonest majors embrace English literature, artistic writing and English with a writing emphasis . These writing degrees offer students multiple academic pathways that may lead to either work as a writer or into additional graduate studies. Below is an overview of the different writing majors at the bachelor’s level. He loves to spend holidays on archaeological digs. A math diploma from Baylor University led to a career as a CPA. Now in private practice, she finds time to work as a writer for student services, obviously specializing in monetary topics. Hiring an essay writer on-line is a great investment for you as a student. However, if you need quick information about something related to our service and your paper, you can get it by way of stay chat, e mail or phone. Don’t let writing firms trick you that you’re getting the best quality only when you’re able to pay a lot.

Glucocorticoids Drug Metabolism - Free Essay Example

The Role of Glucocorticoid Receptor in the Regulation of Drug Metabolism Introduction Glucocorticoids are extremely important in our life due to their pivotal roles in maintaining homeostasis and coping with stress. Tremendous attention has focused on glucocorticoids because of their wide usage in the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and their implications to the pathogenesis of many wide-spread disorders, such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, etc. Many pathophysilogical effects of glucocorticoids are contributed by their transcriptional regulation of approximately 10% of our genes (Buckingham, 2006) and these effects are predominantly dependent on the interaction between glucocorticoids and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a ligand-activated transcription factor. Although a variety of physiological functions, such as immune response, metabolism, growth, etc, could be closely related to the GR-mediated gene regulation, this review will mainly focus on the GR-mediated enzyme regulation and its crucial role on drug metabolism in human. It has been appreciated that nuclear receptors play important role in xenobiotic response by regulating expression and/or activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes, thereby modifying the targeted concentrations of the drug and altering the therapeutic drug response. With the development of molecular biology, structure biology, genetics and metabolism studies, tremendous effort has been made to understand the fundamental functions of nuclear receptor superfamily, which makes up a complex regulatory network with extensive cross communication in regulating the xenobiotic response between them. GR becomes my focus not only because of the essential physiological process aforementioned but the key role it plays in drug metabolism. Exploring and understanding the fundamental mechanisms underpinning the actions of GR is critical and is of great help to explain the drug response and some pathophysilogical effects of glucocorticoids as well. GR: structure Glucocorticoid receptor belongs to subfamily 3C of nuclear receptor superfamily and is the first cloned human steroid receptor (Hollenberg et al., 1985). Two protein isoforms of GR, termed hGR alpha (777 amino acids) and hGR beta (742 amino acids) are distinguished by the last 15 amino acids at the C-terminal end and differed binding properties with glucocorticoids. hGR alpha is transcriptionally active while hGR beta is unable to bind glucocorticoids or induce gene transcription. Some studies suggest that it may act as a negative regulator of glucocorticoid action and contribute the tissue sensitivity to glucocorticoids (Bamberger et al., 1995). Three major functional domains: N-terminal domain (NTD), DNA binding domain (DBD) and ligand-binding domain (LBD) are well studied for the GR. Within N-terminal domain, a major activational function domain1 (AF1) is required to enhance maximal transcriptional activity. The DBD contains the most conserved amino acid sequence and comprises two cysteine-rich zinc fingers, which are essential for GR dimerisation and site-specificity of DNA binding. The C-terminal located LBD is responsible for recognition and ligand binding. It also contains the other activational function domain2 (AF2) and this AF2 is also important in regulating the transcriptional activity of GR. In addition to the three major domains, a D-domain or hinge region links DBD and LBD is considered playing a role in GR nuclear translocation (Kumar and Thompson, 2005; Buckingham, 2006). Recent progresses in crystallographic studies solve the crystal structure of the DBD and LBD of the GR, which reveal more insights into the structure: function relationship of GR and help to better understand the importance of molecular organization in the transcriptional activity as well (Lu et al., 2006). GR: activation and gene regulation A chain of impressive reactions occur during the activation of GR and resulting gene regulation. As a ligand-activated transcription factor, the cytoplasm located inactive GR is bound to heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) and other proteins which prevent the nuclear localization of this unoccupied GR. After binding to specific ligand, such as glucocortcoids, the GR is activated and dissociate the oligomeric protein complex, undergoing nuclear translocation, dimerizing via the essential DBD, binding with glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) in the promoter region, recruiting and interacting with other regulatory proteins to induce or repress the expression of targeted genes (Hayashi et al., 2004; Buckingham, 2006). In addition to the direct regulate gene transcription by activated GR binding with GREs, some recent research suggest the indirect regulatory role of GR via protein-protein interactions (Buckingham, 2006). In this manner, GR could interact with other transcription factors, such as NF-B and AP-1, to reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Most notably in drug metabolism, an extensive cross-talk between GR and other nuclear receptors exists, such as pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and retinoic X receptor (RXR) and it further complicates the GR-mediated gene regulation and drug response (Pascussi et al., 1999; Pascussi et al., 2000b; Pascussi et al., 2004; Dvorak et al., 2005). Role of GR: Cytochrome P450 3A4 CYP3A4 is the most important and abundant cytochrome p450 in human liver. It has the largest range of substrates and plays a pivotal role in steroid catabolism and xenobiotic metabolism. The fundamental mechanism underlying the transcriptional activation of CYP3A4 is complex and involves many nuclear receptors, such as PXR, GR, vitamin D receptor and CAR. In fact, several observations indicate the important role of GR in the inducible gene expression of CYP3A4. First of all, glucocortcoids are the classic inducers of CYP3A4 in mammals; secondly, RU486, an antagonist of GR, block the dexamethasone-mediated transcriptional activation of CYP3A4 in HepG2 cells cotransfected with GR and CYP3A4 promoter (Ogg et al., 1999). Although CYP3A4 is highly inducible by glucocortcoids, theres few evidence for the direct interaction of GR with the CYP3A4 promoter since no consensus glucocorticoid receptor response element (GRE) existed in CYP3A genes. Several possible hypotheses account for the role of GR in the transcription regulation of CYP3A4 have been projected (El-Sankary et al., 2002). Either a nonconsensus GRE present in the CYP3A4 promoter region could be used to explain the direct interaction of GR with the CYP3A4 promoter or as previously mentioned via an indirect manner, GR could interact with other transcription factors thereby interacting with the CYP3A4 promoter to induce CYP3A4. Opposed to these hypotheses, study from a GR-knockout mice model shows that GR is not essential for the glucocortcoids-mediated induction of CYP3A (Schuetz et al., 2000). Although someone may argue that such knock-out animal study may cause some other compensating pathway; further extrapolating result from rodents is not scientifically reasonable. Hence the regulation role of GR in CYP3A4 expression is still debatable. On the other hand, since PXR has been demonstrated as a major steroid hormone nuclear receptor in regulation the CYP3A4 gene expression (Lehmann et al., 1998), an indirect evidence for the latter hypothesis could be supported by the interactive regulatory cross communication between GR and other nuclear receptors, especially PXR, CAR and RXR (Pascussi et al., 2000a; Pascussi et al., 2000b; Gerbal-Chaloin et al., 2002). It is highly possible that GR indirectly contributes to the inducible gene regulation of CYP3A4 by interacting and controlling the expression of PXR, CAR and RXR. Indeed, in studies using human hepatocytes, dexamethasone has shown to enhance the PXR, CAR and RXR expression, leading to enhanced PXR-mediated CYP3A4 expression (Pascussi et al., 2000a; Pascussi et al., 2000b). Unfortunately, no convincing evidence has been provided in relation to the direct implication of GR in CYP3A4 gene induction. Furthermore, more complicated phenomenon has been observed recently using placental trophoblast cell line (Pavek et al., 2007). In this study, GR-mediated CYP3A4 induction indicates hepatocyte-specific regulation pattern and some other hepatocyte-specific transcription factors are required for the GR-CYP3A4 gene regulation process. It is of my point that since most of the studies have been done in vitro using human hepatocytes, in vivo situation could be far more complex especially in human body. Clearer picture depicting the role of GR in CYP3A4 gene expression is intriguing and it will be extreme important in understanding the regulation mechanism of this crucial enzyme, which ultimately leads to better predictions of clinical important drug-drug interactions. Role of GR: Cytochrome P450 2C9 2C19 In contrast to CYP3A4, CYP2C9 is secondly most abundant drug-metabolizing enzymes in human liver and accounts for the metabolism of a wide range of clinically important therapeutic agents, such as phenytoin, S-warfarin and some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Although a great amount of knowledge has been known about this enzyme including genetic polymorphism, pharmacology, etc, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation of CYP2C9. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that CYP2C9 is inducible by dexamethasone (DEX) in primary human hepatocytes and the role of GR related to this inducible CYP2C9 gene expression has been carefully investigated by Sabine and his coworkers (Gerbal-Chaloin et al., 2002). In addition to the transcriptional regulation by hCAR and PXR, deletional analysis of CYP2C9 regulatory region in the presence or absence of cotransfected GR and directed mutagenesis studies have been carried out to characterize the location of the functional GRE in CYP2C9 regulatory region; Further gel shift assays prove the direct interaction between hGR with CYP2C9-GRE. These observations provide a convincing evidence for direct implication of GR in the inducible CYP2C9 expression and shed light for further understanding this crucial enzyme gene regulation. In stead of using human primary hepatocytes, some research group investigated the role of GR in the transcriptional regulation of CYP2C9 in placental cell line. Interestingly, unlike the hepatocytes, due to lack of hepatocyte-specific transcriptional factors, such as hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a (HNF4a), CYP2C9 is not inducible in this special placental cell line (Pavek et al., 2007). Similar observation seen in the aforementio ned CYP3A4, which might indicates the tissue-specificity regulatory role of GR-CYP gene regulation. CYP2C19 is also abundantly expressed in the liver and several clinically important agents undergo CYP2C19-mediated oxidative metabolism including omeprazole, diazepam, etc. A high interindividual variability related to CYP2C19 expression has been observed, which may partially contributed by the nuclear receptor-regulated CYP2C19 gene expression. By examining the transcriptional regulation of CYP2C19, the functional GR and CAR response element have been identified in the CYP2C19 promoter and mutation of GRE abolishes DEX-induced CYP2C19 expression in human hepatocytes (Chen et al., 2003). This provides clear evidence showing the importance of GR in regulating CYP2C19 expression. Role of GR: Cytochrome P450 2B6 The role of GR in the xenobiotic-induced expression of CYP2B in rodents has been shown as evidenced by several groups. For example, GREs have been located in mouse CYP2B10 and rat CYP2B2 (Jaiswal et al., 1990; Stoltz et al., 1998) and GR has been shown as a requirement for maximal induction of these 2 genes in rodents (Shaw et al., 1993; Honkakoski and Negishi, 1998). This arise the question of the role of GR in the regulation of human CYP2B6 expression.CYP2B6 is a member of Cytochrome P450 group and has been considered as playing minor role in drug metabolism. But recent studies suggest the importance of CYP2B6 by taking into account of the fact that CYP2B6 actually involve in metabolizing about 25% of all the pharmaceutical agents. Notably, CYP2B6 is also inducible and hepatic expression is highly variable between individuals (Xie and Evans, 2001). Due to increased attention and urgence in understanding the molecular determinants of CYP2B6 regulation, the role of GR in the CYP2B6 regulation has been evaluated by several research groups. For example, by a study using primary human hepatocytes cotransfected of hGR and hPXR or hCAR with CYP2B6 reporter constructs (Wang et al., 2003), GR seems to function synergistically with hPXR and hCAR to regulate the xenobiotic-induced CYP2B6 expression while GR alone dose not exert this effect in human hepatocytes. As previously mentioned about the role of GR in gene regulation, it again suggest that activated GR could act as a coactivator to enhance the hPXR and hCAR-mediated CYP2B6 expression. Role of GR: phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes Glucuronidation, sulfation, and glutathione conjugation are the three most important conjugation reactions in phase II drug metabolism. In addition to the essentiality of GR in phase I drug metabolizing enzymes that I summarized above, GR seems also play role in regulating these three phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. In a UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 reporter gene study by Toru and his coworkers (Usui et al., 2006), a dose-dependent induction of UGT1A1 by DEX has been observed and co-expression of hGR in the transfected HepG2 cell line enhance the induction by 7-fold; Further treatment with GR antagonist RU486 inhibit the DEX-mediated UGT1A1 induction. The data suggest the important role of GR on the effective induction of UGT1A1 in cultured human hepatocytes. In terms of human sulfotransferase (SULTs), unlike the rat SULT1A1gene that GR mediates the transactivation of this gene expression (Fang et al., 2003); the expression of human SULT1A1 is not affected by glucocorticoids treatment in primary human hepatocytes (Duanmu et al., 2002). On the other hand, human SULT1A3 gene is induced by glucocorticoids through a GR-mediated transactivation in human HepG2 cells and the GRE is identified for the SULT1A3 (Bian et al., 2007). However, human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (SULT2A1) gene expression is induced by glucocorticoids through a more complex nuclear receptor-mediated mechanism, with some involvement of GR while PXR is considered as playing a major role in SULT1A3 gene regulation (Duanmu et al., 2002). Glutathione S-transferase (GST) mediated detoxification of electrophilic chemicals is pivotal in preventing toxicity in human body. Unlike the rodent models, little is known about the role of GR in the GST gene regulation. Interestingly, some research conducted to evaluate the role of GR on GSTA2 expression (Falkner et al., 2001). In transfected HepG2 cells, activated GR repress the expression of GSTA2 with low concentration of DEX; while with high concentration of DEX, GSTA2 is inducible via a PXR-dependent mechanism. However, extrapolation of these results to human is not reliable and requires future studies. Conclusion In this review, some clinical important phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes are examined related to the role of GR in the gene transcriptional regulation in human. Notably, these enzymes play pivotal role in xenobiotic metabolism and nuclear receptor-mediated xenobiotic regulation to a large extent rely on the transcriptional regulation of these enzymes expression. Molecular mechanism underlying the gene regulation has been elusive as the role of nuclear receptors being characterized. GR, as the first cloned human steroid receptor, seems play a controversy role in terms of its relative contribution and regulation mechanisms in different phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes. Although this article mainly focus on research data in human, examinations of the species difference and in vitro- in vivo correlation are crucial given that significant amount of available information deal with rodent models. Carefully investigating these results could help us better understand the complicated role of GR in drug metabolism and guide the clinical intervention. Reference Bamberger CM, Bamberger AM, de Castro M and Chrousos GP (1995) Glucocorticoid receptor beta, a potential endogenous inhibitor of glucocorticoid action in humans. J Clin Invest 95:2435-2441. Bian HS, Ngo SY, Tan W, Wong CH, Boelsterli UA and Tan TM (2007) Induction of human sulfotransferase 1A3 (SULT1A3) by glucocorticoids. Life Sci 81:1659-1667. Buckingham JC (2006) Glucocorticoids: exemplars of multi-tasking. Br J Pharmacol 147 Suppl 1:S258-268. Chen Y, Ferguson SS, Negishi M and Goldstein JA (2003) Identification of constitutive androstane receptor and glucocorticoid receptor binding sites in the CYP2C19 promoter. Mol Pharmacol 64:316-324. Duanmu Z, Locke D, Smigelski J, Wu W, Dahn MS, Falany CN, Kocarek TA and Runge-Morris M (2002) Effects of dexamethasone on aryl (SULT1A1)- and hydroxysteroid (SULT2A1)-sulfotransferase gene expression in primary cultured human hepatocytes. Drug Metab Dispos 30:997-1004. Dvorak Z, Ulrichova J and Modriansky M (2005) Role of microtubules network in CYP genes expression. Curr Drug Metab 6:545-552. El-Sankary W, Bombail V, Gibson GG and Plant N (2002) Glucocorticoid-mediated induction of CYP3A4 is decreased by disruption of a protein: DNA interaction distinct from the pregnane X receptor response element. Drug Metab Dispos 30:1029-1034. Falkner KC, Pinaire JA, Xiao GH, Geoghegan TE and Prough RA (2001) Regulation of the rat glutathione S-transferase A2 gene by glucocorticoids: involvement of both the glucocorticoid and pregnane X receptors. Mol Pharmacol 60:611-619. Fang HL, Shenoy S, Duanmu Z, Kocarek TA and Runge-Morris M (2003) Transactivation of glucocorticoid-inducible rat aryl sulfotransferase (SULT1A1) gene transcription. Drug Metab Dispos 31:1378-1381. Gerbal-Chaloin S, Daujat M, Pascussi JM, Pichard-Garcia L, Vilarem MJ and Maurel P (2002) Transcriptional regulation of CYP2C9 gene. Role of glucocorticoid receptor and constitutive androstane receptor. J Biol Chem 277:209-217. Hayashi R, Wada H, Ito K and Adcock IM (2004) Effects of glucocorticoids on gene transcription. Eur J Pharmacol 500:51-62. Hollenberg SM, Weinberger C, Ong ES, Cerelli G, Oro A, Lebo R, Thompson EB, Rosenfeld MG and Evans RM (1985) Primary structure and expression of a functional human glucocorticoid receptor cDNA. Nature 318:635-641. Honkakoski P and Negishi M (1998) Protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors suppress phenobarbital-induced Cyp2b10 gene transcription in mouse primary hepatocytes. Biochem J 330 ( Pt 2):889-895. Jaiswal AK, Haaparanta T, Luc PV, Schembri J and Adesnik M (1990) Glucocorticoid regulation of a phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P-450 gene: the presence of a functional glucocorticoid response element in the 5-flanking region of the CYP2B2 gene. Nucleic Acids Res 18:4237-4242. Kumar R and Thompson EB (2005) Gene regulation by the glucocorticoid receptor: structure:function relationship. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 94:383-394. Lehmann JM, McKee DD, Watson MA, Willson TM, Moore JT and Kliewer SA (1998) The human orphan nuclear receptor PXR is activated by compounds that regulate CYP3A4 gene expression and cause drug interactions. J Clin Invest 102:1016-1023. 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Angelina Weld Grimkes Poetry and Use of Nature Essay

Angelina Weld Grimkà © was born in Boston, Massachusetts February 27, 1880 to Archibald Henry Grimkà © and Sarah E. Stanley. As a result, Grimkà © was born into a rather â€Å"unusual and distinguished biracial family† (Zvonkin, para. 1). Her father was the son of a slave and her master, who also happened to be the brother of the two famous abolitionist Grimkà © sisters: Angelina and Sarah. Grimkà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s mother, Sarah, was from a prominent, white middle class family; she left Grimkà © and her African American husband due to racial pressure from her white family and, as a result, Grimkà © was raised entirely by her father. Angelina Weld Grimkà ©, besides working as a teacher in the capital, was also a well known playwright, essayist, and poet. Her work has†¦show more content†¦As stated before, most of Grimkà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s work was produced during the Harlem Renaissance, a time when racial issues were becoming more to the public forefront. Although she was qu ite involved in the betterment of people of color, as can be seen by a number of her poems and plays that discussed racial issues, she did not want race to define who she was as a writer. â€Å"Feeling constrained by the label ‘race writer’, they opted for what they considered more universal themes appropriate to the art of poetry and insisted on the freedom to follow their individual muse.† (Honey/Bloom, 225-226). Grimkà © also used nature to symbolically represent racial issues, ranging from racial injustice to racial pride, in her poems. Although she did not want her work to be defined as ‘race writing’, she did understand, especially since she herself came from a biracial background, the importance of ending racism and supporting the betterment of people of color. One poem that uses nature in such a manner, mainly that of racial pride, is the poem â€Å"At April†: â€Å"Toss your gay heads,/ Brown girl trees;/ Toss your lovely gay hea ds;/ Shake your brown slim bodies;/ Stretch your brown slim arms;/ Stretch your brown slim toes;/ Who knows better than we,/ With the dark, dark bodies,/ What it means/ When April comes a-laughing and a-weeping/ Once again/ At our hearts?† (Grimkà ©/Herron, 65). In this poem, Grimkà © uses the imagery of trees to describe the beauty

The Disadvantages of Living Away from Home - 3307 Words

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Hamlet and the spanish tragedy Essay Example For Students

Hamlet and the spanish tragedy Essay The Spanish Tragedy is very often referred to as one of Shakespeares sources for Hamlet. In fact, both are revenge tragedies and there are some very solid and outstanding parallelisms between the two plays. Some aspects of this connection are studied in this essay. As for the common characteristics, we can list for example: jealousy, the protagonists contemplating suicide, additional scenes in which lovers are spied on by family members, characters who go insane, the ghost of a murdered man who desires revenge, the play within the play and we could continue. Both tragedies begin with the frame story of a death and have a similar structure with extraordinarily violent murder scenes. They are similar with respect to the amount of people dying on stage. So, both of them seem to follow the conventions of revenge in the Elizabethan theatre. However, they are remarkably different on a secondary level where what is important is not the what but the how despite the common framework. The Spanish Tragedy is categorized among the so-called primitive revenge plays. While this drama can be depicted more or less in the context of the revenge and the action, Hamlet is far more than a pure strategy of revenge. This means that Shakespeare penetrates in far more dimensions than Kyd does, that is where Hamlets complexity comes from. Although Hieronimos sense of the difference between right action and wrong action is often obscured, it never becomes totally uncertain. The supernatural chorus provides constant support and external evidence for him about what he has to do. In contrast, Hamlet does not have any kind of external norms or standards, he is deprived of both supernatural and moral certainty, and so he will hesitate and wait more, he will be tortured by this internal battle which is symbolised by his madness even if it is only pretended. Madness is, in fact, a basic point in any revenge tragedy. In the one, it is a result of the passionate resentment towards the murder, and in Hamlet, it is pretended in order to ease action. The Spanish Tragedy is straightforward; Hamlets soul is no more predictable. It illustrates for us that Shakespeare opened a new dimension of psychology, a more complex one, where the characters and especially Hamlet are not flat as in the primitive revenge tragedies, but poly-dimensional, flexible figures. Hamlets nature is more difficult to define than Hieronomos. As a result of this complexity, one plot is never enough in Hamlet to see his relationships towards the others. While the Spanish Tragedys protagonist is directed on his way, Hamlet takes control of the destiny and makes it his own play. The one fulfils, the other creates. Although revenge was banned both by the teaching of the Church and by the political authority, for Elizabethan people, it was very important to see it at least on stage. They desired justice. Another interesting difference follows from it. While the motive of Hamlet is totally acceptable, Hieronimo is in fact preparing the revenge of a legal murder, in other words, this death was a fair one even in from the point of view of the audience of that time, as it took place during a battle. This fact results in a certain ambiguity in The Spanish Tragedy, which is not at all present in Hamlet. That is what moves the reader much more in Hamlet, that is what makes the reader feel Hamlets feelings, as they are much more human. Complex human feelings versus one-dimensional conducted hero. Both tragedies have one or two female protagonists. In fact, the role of love is very important although it has nothing to do with the matter of the revenge. It makes the situation even more complex. In the Spanish tragedy, Bel-Imperia is a central person, a positive heroine. .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35 , .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35 .postImageUrl , .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35 , .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35:hover , .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35:visited , .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35:active { border:0!important; } .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35:active , .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35 .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud14623ed8a115fdad7f0341bb8654c35:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The concept of love at first sight in Shakespeare's comedies EssaySeveral lines depart from her, and she is one of the reasons why the ghost of Andrea is suffering. The parallel role may be assigned to Ophelia in Hamlet, but she is not a central person and her role is a matter of discussion. The image of a lover in the beginning changes to that of a spy, a traitor. Hamlet is not influenced by her and sends her away without hesitation. The longing for revenge was much dominate than love. If we say that his madness was pretended, maybe we should hesitate a little here. If an idea is able to suppress another one like love, that must be a kind of madness. But in Hamlet, there is another female figure, Gertrude, Hamlets mother. If jealousy does not play a role in connection with love, it does in connection with the mother. So, we may say that the central female image of the Spanish Tragedy is present in Hamlet as well, but this time divided into two. (And let alone Freud with his Oedipus complex. ) Here, love and jealousy do not refer to the same person. What is common, however, is that in both plays, another man took the ghosts wife or lover after his death. So, on the whole, we can conclude that The Spanish Tragedy is not considered to be one of the most important sources by accident, there are many convincing references which point out their connection. The motivations of the similarities are certainly the Elizabethan revenge-play conventions, which are respected in both cases. However, Hamlet is more profound in some respects, which derives from its authors being a genius. That is what makes the distinction between the two plays in terms of primitive however not with the meaning of simple or underdeveloped and complex revenge plays.

Johann Sebastian Bach Essays (815 words) - Music, Classical Music

Johann Sebastian Bach Johann Sebastian Bach was one of the greatest composers in Western musical history. More than 1,000 of his compositions survive. Some examples are the Art of Fugue, Brandenburg Concerti, the Goldberg Variations for Harpsichord, the Mass in B-Minor, the motets, the Easter and Christmas oratorios, Toccata in F Major, French Suite No 5, Fugue in G Major, Fugue in G Minor ("The Great"), St. Matthew Passion, and Jesu Der Du Meine Seele. He came from a family of musicians. There were over 53 musicians in his family over a period of 300 years. Johann Sebastian Bach was born in Eisenach, Germany on March 21, 1685. His father, Johann Ambrosius Bach, was a talented violinist, and taught his son the basic skills for string playing; another relation, the organist at Eisenach's most important church, instructed the young boy on the organ. In 1695 his parents died and he was only 10 years old. He went to go stay with his older brother, Johann Christoph, who was a professional organist at Ohrdruf. Johann Christoph was a professional organist, and continued his younger brother's education on that instrument, as well as on the harpsichord. After several years in this arrangement, Johann Sebastian won a scholarship to study in Luneberg, Northern Germany, and so left his brother's tutelage. A master of several instruments while still in his teens, Johann Sebastian first found employment at the age of 18 as a "lackey and violinist" in a court orchestra in Weimar; soon after, he took the job of organist at a church in Arnstadt. Here, as in later posts, his perfectionist tendencies and high expectations of other musicians - for example, the church choir - rubbed his colleagues the wrong way, and he was embroiled in a number of hot disputes during his short tenure. In 1707, at the age of 22, Bach became fed up with the lousy musical ezdards of Arnstadt (and the working conditions) and moved on to another organist job, this time at the St. Blasius Church in Muhlhausen. The same year, he married his cousin Maria Barbara Bach. Again caught up in a running conflict between factions of his church, Bach fled to Weimar after one year in Muhlhausen. In Weimar, he assumed the post of organist and concertmaster in the ducal chapel. He remained in Weimar for nine years, and there he composed his first wave of major works, including organ showpieces and cantatas. By this stage in his life, Bach had developed a reputation as a brilliant, if somewhat inflexible, musical talent. His proficiency on the organ was unequaled in Europe - in fact, he toured regularly as a solo virtuoso - and his growing mastery of compositional forms, like the fugue and the canon, was already attracting interest from the musical establishment - which, in his day, was the Lutheran church. But, like many individuals of uncommon talent, he was never very good at playing the political game, and therefore suffered periodic setbacks in his career. He was passed over for a major position - which was Kapellmeister (Chorus Master) of Weimar - in 1716; partly in reaction to this snub, he left Weimar the following year to take a job as court conductor in Anhalt-Cothen. There, he slowed his output of church cantatas, and instead concentrated on instrumental music - the Cothen period produced, among other masterpieces, the Brandenburg Concerti. While at Cothen, Bach's wife, Maria Barbara, died. Bach remarried soon after - to Anna Magdalena - and forged ahead with his work. He also forged ahead in the child-rearing department, producing 13 children with his new wife - six of whom survived childhood - to add to the four children he had raised with Maria Barbara. Several of these children would become fine composers in their own right - particularly three sons: Wilhelm Friedmann, Carl Philipp Emanuel and Johann Christian. After conducting and composing for the court orchestra at Cothen for seven years, Bach was offered the highly prestigious post of cantor (music director) of St. Thomas' Church in Leipzig - after it had been turned down by two other composers. The job was a demanding one; he had to compose cantatas for the St. Thomas and St. Nicholas churches, conduct the choirs,

Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio Essays

Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio Essays Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio Paper Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio Paper Rizal was phenomenonal. He earned his first degree at 16 in the Philippines and never looked back. At 18 he ran away to Europe and earned a medical degree in Spain, and followed it up with degrees in France. While in Europe and in many in other countries during his travels around the world, he taught himself fluency in Spanish, German, English, and French and he did it all in a short 35 years of life. From childhood, he was a prolific writer and he remained so right up until minutes before being a martyr. Rizal’s reputation as a hero is well earned. He hated how the Spanish treated the natives of the Philippines, whom the Spanish called Indios. The novels and essays he wrote were aimed mostly at Spaniards back in Spain. His objective was to get them to stop the practices of Spanish friars and governors in colonial Philippines. I believe he was convinced that if the Spaniards in Europe knew of the cruelty and injustice going on in their colony for years, that they would finally interfere and stop the merciless brutality that had gone on for centuries. In Spain, Spaniards treated Rizal with respect and admiration, but for some reason the Spaniards in the Philippines were entirely different. They did not hesitate to use torture, terror and execution to keep their Indios under their complete control, and that included controlling Rizal as well. Spanish priests who were called friars, who called the shots in his home land. after years away, he returned to Manila and almost immediately the friars found a means to get him out of the way. He was found guilty of spreading sedition based on his anti-friar novels written while he was overseas. These novels were not intended to cause a Spanish overthrow, but to show decent, liberal-minded Spaniards how unjust things were back in his beloved islands. Jose was found guilty and exiled hundreds of miles away to the very fringes of the archipelago to the tiny town of Dapitan on Mindanao. He spent years there, and during the end of that time, a man named Bonifacio back in Manila put together the beginnings of a major revolt against Spain. Andres Bonifacio was captivating. Although he didn’t have the natural genius of Rizal, he was an incredible fellow just the same. He came from nothing and taught himself everything. The fact that he was poor, self-taught, and self-made, a man who could not afford any formal schooling, much less college, and yet excelled as a leader and independent thinker, he is great. I more I learn about Bonifacio the more I realize that this guy is a perfect form of an authentic Filipino. He has more in common with the bulk of the population here than most any other figure from this country’s past. He was born and raised in Tondo, a very poor place in the mid 19th century, and even more so now. He was dirt poor and suffered through the same troubles and problems that most Filipinos suffer today. Yet he overcame all those issues and became known as Supremo, the leader of the revolutionary government against Spain. Unlike Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio hated the Spanish and wanted nothing to do with them. Where Rizal wanted justice under the rule of Spain, Bonifacio wanted only Filipinos to be dominant over his own island. Also, Bonifacio was instrumental in writing the Katipunan, the guiding document of this country’s first home-grown government. despite no formal education, Andres managed almost single-handedly to spark THE most successful insurrection ever against Spain- and going back hundreds of years, there were scores of revolts and uprisings, all horribly crushed into bloody oblivion. His rebellion was so successful that today we call it The Philippine Revolution. Also, Bonifacio was instrumental in writing the Katipunan, the guiding document of this country’s first home-grown government.

Financial Accounting Theory. Assignment 2 Essay

Financial Accounting Theory. Assignment 2 - Essay Example While accounting for sole trader and partnership are taken up only for the purposes of tax reporting, corporate accounting is widely shared across the world so that the information can be accessed by the various users who may be affected by such information. Naturally, with a wide user base, if the reporting is not done on certain specific guidelines, interpretations may widely differ thereby destroying the very purpose of reporting. To avoid such discrepancies, a framework of concepts have been developed which bind the information into understandable statements with the underlying obligation of â€Å"relevance, objectivity and feasibility† (Anthony & Reece, 1994). These concepts combined with the three golden rules of accounting viz. Personal, Real and Nominal form the language which conveys the same meaning to all the people (Shukla, Grewal and Gupta, 2008). A small description of these concepts would give a bird’s eye view on the basics of accounting language: Dual Aspect Concept: Any income is an outcome of some benefit foregone called the expense. As such, any asset is the result of liability undertaken to acquire that asset. The equation is Asset = Liabilities +Owners’ equity. Accounting Period Concept: Financial reporting has to be done for a particular period of time, usually for a year. All transactions which take place in that year have to be recorded in the books of that period. However, due to the increasing diversity of the nature of transactions, it becomes imperative that a periodical review of the set standards is taken up so that the book-keepers do not face any confusion while recording such transactions. For this sake, International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) and such account standards periodically to guide the users towards a standardized version of financial statements. After 2004, it was decided that issue of new standards are to be done only in compliance to the International

LEADERSHIP Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

LEADERSHIP - Term Paper Example In this context, it can be said that having open heart requires leaders to stimulate and encourage others for taking a chance to foster desired changes. On the other hand, having open determination necessitates leaders to take risks and brave steps. Essentially, making a positive difference in the professional context requires executing the unconventional aspects. Every challenge includes confrontation of status quo. This denotes that in order to make positive differences, leaders will need to experiment the unconfirmed aspects, dug deep in the implicit aspects and challenge the unrestrained parts (Wren, Hicks and Price 3-47). THESIS STATEMENT Focusing on this aspect, the paper discusses how a leader in a professional context can challenge the status quo and make a positive difference. The objective of the paper is to identify the challenges which can be faced by a leader while making the difference. Furthermore, the paper also intends to develop a plan for changing the present profe ssional context. In line with this aspect, the paper further provides examples of two exceptional leaders in the field of politics who had made positive differences in their field namely Franklin Roosevelt and George Washington. PLANNING FOR CHANGE AND IMPROVEMENT IN PROFESSIONAL CONTEXT In the professional field, change has become a common mode of operations for most of the organizations. The change initiatives are intended to improve the performance of organizations. One of the key skills required for a leader to commence such changes is ‘context thoughtfulness’, i.e. the capability to understand the context and accordingly plan methods for change which would be effective for such a context. Successful change necessitates context-based approach. In the professional context, there are several approaches which require the consideration of a leader such as change type and management style. A common way of describing the type of change is to syndicate speed related to cha nge with the level of change. In accordance with speed, change can be reactive or proactive. Reactive context is a type of context where organizations require undertaking certain changes instantly due to a crisis situation. On the other hand, proactive context is a context which is related with long-run strategic development. In this aspect, the planned change is based on proactive context, i.e. the planning would be made for developing the context on a long run basis. This type of change in the professional context is referred as system change i.e. implementing more sophisticated technology in the workplace. This change will definitely lead to changes in policies, processes and job roles of people in the organizations. The key reason for change is to enhance the benefits of an organization with respect to more productivity and effectiveness (Hailey and Balogun 153-178). Successful change requires changes from status quo to future state. Following is the plan for changing status quo in professional context: Demonstrating the Change: This is a phase in which a leader requires demonstrating various ways to change ‘status quo’. In order to shape the behavior of people effectively towards change, values of change will be expressed to everyone within the organization. The value will comprise both individual

Mattel Responds to Ethical Challenges Essay Example for Free

Mattel Responds to Ethical Challenges Essay Mattel, Inc. is a global leader in designing and manufacturing toys and family products. Well-known for brands such as Barbie, Fisher-Price, Disney, Hot Wheels, Matchbox, Tyco, Cabbage Patch Kids, and board games, the company boasts nearly $5.9 billion in annual revenue. Headquartered in El Segundo, California, with offices across the world, Mattel markets its products in over 150 nations. It all started in a California garage workshop when Ruth and Elliot Handler and Matt Matson founded Mattel in 1945. The company started out making picture frames, but the founders soon recognized the profitability of the toy industry and switched their emphasis to toys. Mattel became a publicly owned company in 1960, with sales exceeding $100 million by 1965. Over the next forty years, Mattel went on to become the world’s largest toy company in terms of revenue. In spite of its overall success, Mattel has had its share of losses over its history. During the mid to late 1990s, Mattel lost millions to declining sales and bad business acquisitions. In January 1997, Jill Barad took over as Mattel’s CEO. Barad’s management-style was characterized as strict and her tenure at the helm proved challenging for many employees. While Barad had been successful in building the Barbie brand to $2 billion by the end of the 20th century, growth slowed in the early 21st. Declining sales at outlets such as Toys ‘R’ Us marked the start of some difficulties for the retailer, responsibilities for which Barad accepted and resigned in 2000. Robert Eckert replaced Barad as CEO. Aiming to turn things around, Eckert sold unprofitable units and cut hundreds of jobs. In 2000, under Eckert, Mattel was granted the highly sought-after licensing agreement for products related to the Harry Potter series of books and movies. The company continued to flourish and build its reputation, even earning the Corporate Responsibility Award from UNICEF in 2003. Mattel released its first Annual Corporate Responsibility Report the following year. In 2011 Mattel was recognized as one of Fortune magazine’s 100 Best Companies to Work For for the fourth consecutive year. MATTEL’S CORE PRODUCTS BARBIE AND AMERICAN GIRL Among its many lines of popular toy products, Mattel is famous for owning top girls’ brands. In 1959, Mattel introduced a product that would change its future forever: the Barbie doll. One of the founders, Ruth Handler, had noticed how her daughter loved playing with paper cutout dolls. She decided to create a doll based on an adult rather than on a baby. Barbie took off to become one of Mattel’s critical product lines and the number one girls’ brand in the world. Since her introduction, Mattel has sold more than 1 billion Barbie dolls in over 150 countries. The Barbie line today This material was developed by Debbie Thorne, John Fraedrich, O.C. Ferrell, and Jennifer Jackson, with the editorial assistance of Jennifer Sawayda under the direction of O.C. Ferrell and Linda Ferrell. It is provided for the Daniels Fund Ethics Initiative at the University of New Mexico and is intended for classroom discussion rather than to illustrate effective or ineffective handling of administrative, ethical, or legal decisions by management. Users of this material are prohibited from claiming this material as their own, emailing it to others, or placing it on the Internet. Please call O.C. Ferrell at 505-277-3468 for more information. (2011) Includes dolls, accessories, Barbie software, and a broad assortment of licensed products such as books, apparel, food, home furnishings, home electronics, and movies. To supplement the Barbie line, in 1998 Mattel acquired a popular younger type of doll. Mattel announced it would pay $700 million to Pleasant Co. for its high-end American Girl collection. American Girl dolls are sold with books about their lives, which take place during important periods of US history. The American Girls brand includes several book series, accessories, clothing for dolls and girls, and a magazine that ranks in the top ten American children’s magazines. HOT WHEELS Hot Wheels roared into the toy world in 1968. More than thirty years later, the brand is hotter than ever and includes high-end collectibles, NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing) and Formula One models for adults, high-performance cars, track sets, and play sets for children of all ages. The brand is connected with racing circuits worldwide. More than 15 million boys aged five to 15 are avid collectors, each owning forty-one cars on average. Two Hot Wheels cars are sold every second of every day. The brand began with cars designed to run on a track and has evolved into a â€Å"lifestyle† brand with licensed Hot Wheels shirts, caps, lunch boxes, backpacks, and more. Together, Hot Wheels and Barbie generate 45 percent of Mattel’s revenue and 65 percent of its profits. CABBAGE PATCH KIDS Since the introduction of mass-produced Cabbage Patch Kids in 1982, more than 90 million dolls have been sold worldwide. In 1994, Mattel took over selling these beloved dolls after purchasing production rights from Hasbro. In 1996, Mattel created a new line of Cabbage Patch doll, called Snacktime Kids, which was expected to meet with immense success. The Snacktime Kids had moving mouths that enabled children to â€Å"feed† them plastic snacks. However, the product backfired. The toy had no on/off switch and reports of children  getting their fingers or hair caught in the dolls’ mouths surfaced during the 1996 holiday season. Mattel voluntarily pulled the dolls from store shelves by January 1997, and offered consumers a cash refund of $40 on returned dolls. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission applauded Mattel’s handling of the Snacktime Kids situation. Mattel effectively managed a situation that could easily have created bad publicity or a crisis situati on. Mattel stopped producing Cabbage Patch Kids in 2000. MATTEL’S COMMITMENT TO ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Mattel’s core products and business environment create many ethical issues. Because the company’s products are designed primarily for children, it must be sensitive to social concerns about children’s rights. It must also be aware that the international environment often complicates business transactions. Different legal systems and cultural expectations about business can create ethical conflicts. Finally, the use of technology may present ethical dilemmas, especially regarding consumer privacy. Mattel has recognized these potential issues and taken steps to strengthen its commitment to business ethics. The company also purports to take a stand on social responsibility, encouraging its employees and consumers to do the same. PRIVACY AND MARKETING TECHNOLOGY One issue Mattel has tried to address repeatedly is that of privacy and online technology. Advances in technology have created special marketing issues for Mattel. The company recognizes that, because it markets to children, it must communicate with parents regarding its corporate marketing strategy. Mattel has taken steps to inform both children and adults about its philosophy regarding Internet-based marketing tools, such as the Hot Wheels website. This website contains a lengthy online privacy policy, part of which is excerpted below: Mattel, Inc. and its family of companies (â€Å"Mattel†) are committed to  protecting your online privacy when visiting a website operated by us. We do not collect and keep any personal information online from you unless you volunteer it and you are 13 or older. We also do not collect and keep personal information online from children under the age of 13 without consent of a parent or legal guardian, except in limited circumstances authorized by law and described in this policy. By assuring parents that their children’s privacy will be respected, Mattel demonstrates that it takes its responsibility of marketing to children seriously. EXPECTATIONS OF MATTEL’S BUSINESS PARTNERS Mattel, Inc. is also making a serious commitment to business ethics in its dealings with other industries. In late 1997, the company completed its first full ethics audit of each of its manufacturing sites as well as the facilities of its primary contractors. The audit revealed that the company was not using any child labor or forced labor, a problem plaguing other overseas manufacturers. However, several contractors were found to be in violation of Mattel’s safety and human rights standards and were asked to change their operations or risk losing Mattel’s business. The company now conducts an independent monitoring council audit in manufacturing facilities every three years. In an effort to continue its strong record on human rights and related ethical standards, Mattel instituted a code of conduct entitled Global Manufacturing Principles in 1997. One of these principles requires all Mattel-owned and contracted manufacturing facilities to favor business partners committed to ethical standards comparable with those of Mattel. Other principles relate to safety, wages, and adherence to local laws. Mattel’s audits and subsequent code of conduct were designed as preventative, not punitive measures. The company is dedicated to creating and encouraging responsible business practices throughout the world. 1 Mattel, Inc., Online Privacy Policy, http://www.hotwheels.com/privacy-policy (accessed August 23, 2011). Mattel also claims to be committed to its workforce. As one company consultant noted, â€Å"Mattel is committed to improving the skill level of workers [so that they] will experience increased opportunities and productivity.† This statement reflects Mattel’s concern for relationships between and with employees and business partners. The company’s code is a signal to potential partners, customers, and other stakeholders that Mattel has made a commitment to fostering and upholding ethical values. LEGAL AND ETHICAL BUSINESS PRACTICES Mattel prefers to partner with businesses similarly committed to high ethical standards. At a minimum, partners must comply with the local and national laws of the countries in which they operate. In addition, all partners must respect the intellectual property of the company, and support Mattel in the protection of assets such as patents, trademarks, or copyrights. They are also responsible for product safety and quality, protecting the environment, customs, evaluation and monitoring, and compliance. Mattel’s business partners must have high standards for product safety and quality, adhering to practices that meet Mattel’s safety and quality standards. In recent years, however, safety standards have been seriously violated, which will be discussed in more detail later. Also, because of the global nature of Mattel’s business and its history of leadership in this area, the company insists that business partners strictly adhere to local and international customs laws. Partners must also comply with all import and export regulations. To assist in compliance with standards, Mattel insists that all manufacturing facilities provide the following: 1 Full access for on-site inspections by Mattel or parties designated by Mattel 2 Full access to those records that will enable Mattel to determine compliance with its principles 3 An annual statement of compliance with Mattel’s Global Manufacturing Principles, signed by an officer of the manufacturer or manufacturing facility2 With the creation of the Mattel Independent Monitoring Council (MIMCO), Mattel became the first global consumer products company to apply such a system to facilities and core contractors worldwide. The company seeks to maintain an independent monitoring system that provides checks and balances to help ensure that standards are met. If certain aspects of Mattel’s manufacturing Principles are not being met, Mattel will try to work with them to help them fix their problems. New partners will not be hired unless they meet Mattel’s standards. If corrective action is advised but not taken, Mattel will terminate its relationship with the partner in question. Overall, Mattel is committed to both business success and ethical standards, and it recognizes that it is part of a continuous improvement process. 2 â€Å"Mattel’s Commitment to Ethics,† eBusiness Ethics, http://www.e-businessethics.com/mattel9.htm (accessed August 23, 2011). MATTEL CHILDREN’S FOUNDATION Mattel takes its social responsibilities very seriously. Through the Mattel Children’s Foundation, established in 1978, the company promotes philanthropy and community involvement among its employees and makes charitable investments to better the lives of children in need. Funding priorities have included building a new Mattel Children’s Hospital at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), sustaining the Mattel Family Learning Program, and promoting giving among Mattel employees. In November 1998, Mattel donated a multiyear, $25 million gift to the UCLA Children’s Hospital. The gift was meant to support the existing hospital and provide for a new state-of-the-art facility. In honor of Mattel’s donation, the hospital was renamed Mattel Children’s Hospital at UCLA. The Mattel Family Learning Program utilizes computer learning labs as a way to advance children’s basic skills. Now numbering more than eighty throughout the United States, Hong Kong, Canada, and Mexico, the labs offer software and technology designed to help children with special needs or limited English proficiency. Mattel employees are also encouraged to participate in a wide range of volunteer activities as part of â€Å"Mattel Volunteers: Happy to Help.† Employees serving on boards of local nonprofit organizations or helping with ongoing nonprofit programs are eligible to apply for volunteer grants supporting their organizations. Mattel employees contributing to higher education or to nonprofit organizations serving children in need are eligible to have their personal donations matched dollar for dollar up to $5,000 annually. INTERNATIONAL MANUFACTURING PRINCIPLES As a U.S.-based multinational company owning and operating facilities and contracting worldwide, Mattel’s Global Manufacturing Principles reflect not only its need to conduct manufacturing responsibly, but to respect the cultural, ethical, and philosophical differences of the countries in which it operates. These Principles set uniform standards across Mattel manufacturers and attempt to benefit both employees and consumers. Mattel’s Principles cover issues such as wages, work hours, child labor, forced labor, discrimination, freedom of association, and working conditions. Workers must be paid at least minimum wage or a wage that meets  local industry standards (whichever is greater). No one under the age of 16 or the local age limit (whichever is higher) may be allowed to work for Mattel facilities. Mattel refuses to work with facilities that use forced or prison labor, or to use these types of labor itself. Additionally, Mattel does not tolerate discrimination. The company states that an individual should be hired and employed based on his or her ability—not on individual characteristics or beliefs. Mattel recognizes all employees’ rights to choose to associate with organizations or associations without interference. Regarding working conditions, all Mattel facilities and its business partners must provide safe working environments for their employees. ISSUES WITH OVERSEAS MANUFACTURING Despite Mattel’s best efforts, not all overseas manufacturers have faithfully adhered to its high standards. Mattel has come under scrutiny over its sale of unsafe products. In September 2007, Mattel announced recalls of toys containing lead paint. The problem surfaced when a European retailer discovered lead paint on a toy. An estimated 10 million individual toys produced in China were affected. Mattel quickly stopped production at Lee Der, the company officially producing the recalled toys, after it was discovered that Lee Der had purchased lead-tainted paint to be used on the toys. Mattel blamed the fiasco on the manufacturers’ desire to save money in the face of increasing prices. â€Å"In the last three or five years, youve seen labor prices more than double, raw material prices double or triple,† CEO Eckert said in an interview, â€Å"and I think that theres a lot of pressure on guys that are working at the margin to try to save money. The situation began when Early Light Industrial Co., a subcontractor for Mattel owned by Hong Kong toy tycoon Choi Chee Ming, subcontracted the painting of parts of CARS toys to another China-based vendor. The vendor, named Hong Li Da, decided to source paint from a non-authorized third-party supplier—a violation of Mattel’s requirement to use paint supplied directly by Early Light. The products were found to contain â€Å"impermissible levels of lead.† On August 2, 2007, it was announced that another of Early Lights subcontractors, Lee Der Industrial Co., used the same lead paint found on Cars products. China immediately suspended the companys export license. Afterward, Mattel pinpointed three paint suppliers working for Lee Der—Dongxin, Zhongxin, and Mingdai. This paint was used by Lee Der to produce Mattels line of Fisher-Price products. It is said that Lee Der purchased the paint from Mingdai due to an intimate friendship between the two company’s owners. On August 11, 2007, Zhang Shuhong, operator of Lee Der, hung himself after paying his 5,000 staff members. Later that month, Mattel was forced to recall several more toys because of powerful magnets in the toys that could come loose and pose a choking hazard for young children. If more than one magnet is swallowed, the magnets can attract each other inside the child’s stomach, causing potentially fatal complications. Over 21 million Mattel toys were recalled in all, and parents filed several lawsuits claiming that these Mattel products harmed their children. At first, Mattel blamed Chinese subcontractors for the huge toys recalls, but the company later accepted a portion of the blame for its troubles, while maintaining that Chinese manufacturers were largely at fault. The Chinese view the situation quite differently. As reported by the state-run Xinhua news agency, the spokesman for Chinas General Administration of Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine said, â€Å"Mattel should improve its product design and supervision over product quality. Chinese original equipment manufacturers were doing the job just as importers requested, and the toys conformed to the U.S. regulations and standards at the time of the production. Mattel also faced criticism from many of its consumers, who believed Mattel was denying culpability by placing much of the blame on China. Mattel was later awarded the 2007 â€Å"Bad Product† Award by Consumers International. How did this crisis occur under the watch of a company praised for its ethics and high safety standards? Although Mattel had investigated its contractors, it did not audit the entire supply chain, including subcontractors. These  oversights left room for these violations to occur. Mattel has also moved to enforce a rule that subcontractors cannot hire suppliers two or three tiers down. In a statement, Mattel says it has spent more than 50,000 hours investigating its vendors and testing its toys. Mattel also announced a three-point plan. This plan aims to tighten Mattel’s control of production, discover and prevent the unauthorized use of subcontractors, and test the products itself rather than depending on contractors. THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT’S REACTION Chinese officials eventually did admit the government’s failure to properly protect the public. The Chinese government promised to tighten supervision of exported products, but effective supervision is challenging in such a large country that is so burdened with corruption. In January 2008, the Chinese government launched a four-month-long nationwide product quality campaign, offering intensive training courses to domestic toy manufacturers to help them brush up on their knowledge of international product standards and safety awareness. As a result of the crackdown, the State Administration for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) announced that it had revoked the licenses of more than 600 Chinese toy makers. As of 2008, the State Administration for Commerce and Industry (SACI) released a report claiming that 87.5 percent of China’s newly manufactured toys met quality requirements. While this represents an improvement, the temptation to cut corners remains strong in a country that uses price, not quality, as its main competitive advantage. Where there is demand, there will be people trying to turn a quick profit. MATTEL VERSUS FORMER EMPLOYEE AND MGA In 2004, Mattel became embroiled in a bitter intellectual property rights battle with former employee Carter Bryant and MGA Entertainment Inc. over rights to MGA’s popular Bratz dolls. Carter Bryant, an on-again/off-again Mattel employee, designed the Bratz dolls and pitched them to MGA. A few months after the pitch, Bryant left  Mattel to work at MGA, which began producing Bratz in 2001. In 2002, Mattel launched an investigation into whether Bryant had designed the Bratz dolls while employed with Mattel. After two years of investigation, Mattel sued Bryant. A year later MGA fired off a suit of its own, claiming that Mattel was creating Barbies with looks similar to those of Bratz in an effort to eliminate the competition. Mattel answered by expanding its own suit to include MGA and its CEO, Isaac Larian. For decades, Barbie has reigned supreme on the doll market. However, Bratz dolls have given Barbie a run for her money. In 2005, four years after the brand’s debut, Bratz sales were at $2 billion. At the same time, Barbie was suffering from declining sales. In 2008 Barbie’s gross sales fell by 6 percent. Many analysts believe that Barbie has reached the maturity stage of its product life cycle. Four years after the initial suit was filed, Bryant settled with Mattel under an undisclosed set of terms. In July 2008, a jury deemed MGA and its CEO liable for what it termed â€Å"intentional interference† regarding Bryant’s contract with Mattel. In August 2008, Mattel received damages in the range of $100 million. Although Mattel first requested damages of $1.8 billion, the company is pleased with the principle behind the victory. In December 2008, Mattel appeared to win another victory when a California judge banned MGA from issuing or selling any more Bratz dolls. However, the tide soon turned on Mattel’s victory. In July 2010, the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals threw out the ruling. Eventually, the case came down to whether Mattel owned Bryant’s ideas under the contract he had with the comapny. In April 2011, a California federal jury rejected Mattel’s claims to ownership. In another blow to Mattel, the jury also ruled that the company had stolen trade secrets from MGA. According to the allegations, Mattel employees used fake business cards to get into MGA showrooms during toy fairs. Mattel was ordered to pay $85 million in liabilities, plus an additional $225 million in damages and legal fees. MGA CEO Isaac Larian has  also announced that he will file an antitrust case against Mattel. Mattel continues to claim that Bryant violated his contract when he was working for the company . MATTEL LOOKS TOWARD THE FUTURE Like all major companies, Mattel has weathered its share of storms. The company has faced a series of difficult and potentially crippling challenges, including the recent verdict against the company in the Bratz lawsuit. During the wave of toy recalls, some analysts suggested that the company’s reputation was battered beyond repair. Mattel, however, has refused to go quietly. Although the company admits to poorly handling recent affairs, it is attempting to rectify its mistakes and to prevent future mistakes as well. With the economic future of the United States uncertain, Mattel may be in for slow growth for some time to come. Mattel is hard at work restoring goodwill and faith in its brands, even as it continues to be plagued with residual distrust over the lead paint scandal and its alleged theft of trade secrets. Reputations are hard won and easily lost, but Mattel appears to be steadfast in its commitment to restoring its reputation. QUESTIONS 1. Do manufacturers of products for children have special obligations to consumers and society? If so, what are these responsibilities? 2. How effective has Mattel been at encouraging ethical and legal conduct by its manufacturers? What changes and additions would you make to the company’s Global Manufacturing Principles? 3. To what extent is Mattel responsible for issues related to its production of toys in China? How might Mattel have avoided these issues? 9 Sources: Lisa Bannon and Carlta Vitzhum, â€Å"One-Toy-Fits-All: How Industry Learned to Love the Global Kid,† Wall Street Journal, Apr. 30, 2003, http://online.wsj.com. 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